Tides

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of gravitational forces exerted by theMoon, Sun, and rotation of the Earth.

The times and amplitude of tides at a locale are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean, by the amphidromic systems of the oceans, and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry . Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide - two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations experience a diurnal tide - only one high and low tide each day. A "mixed tide"; two uneven tides a day, or one high and one low, is also possible

Characteristics

Tide changes proceed via the following stages:

• Sea level rises over several hours, covering the intertidal zone; flood tide.
• The water rises to its highest level, reaching high tide.
• Sea level falls over several hours, revealing the intertidal zone; ebb tide.
• The water stops falling, reaching low tide.

Tidal constituents

Tidal constituents are the net result of multiple influences impacting tidal changes over certain periods of time. Primary constituents include the Earth's rotation, the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the Moon's altitude above the Earth's equator, and bathymetry. Variations with periods of less than half a day are called harmonic constituents. Conversely, cycles of days, months, or years are referred to as long period constituents.

The tidal forces affect the entire earth, but the movement of the solid Earth is only centimeters.

 The atmosphere is much more fluid and compressible so its surface moves kilometers, in the sense of the  contour level of a particular low pressure in the outer atmosphere

Timing

The tidal forces due to the Moon and Sun generate very long waves which travel all around the ocean following the paths shown in co-tidal charts. The time when the crest of the wave reaches a port then gives the time of high water at the port. The time taken for the wave to travel around the ocean also means that there is a delay between the phases of the moon and their effect on the tide. Springs and neaps in the North Sea, for example, are two days behind the new/full moon and first/third quarter 

moon. This is called the tide's age

Aisha Alsalhi

Geography

• Everest is 29,035 feet or 8848 meters high
• The summit is the border of Nepal to the south and China or Tibet on the north
• It is over 60 million years old
• Everest was formed by the movement of the Indian tectonic plate pushing up and against the Asian plate
• Everest grows by about a quarter of an inch (0.25") every year
• It consist of different types of shale, limestone and marble
• The rocky summit is covered with deep snow all year long

Weather

• The Jet Stream sits on top of Everest almost all year long
• The wind can blow over 200 mph
• The temperature can be -80F
• In mid May each year, the jet stream moves north causing the winds the calm and temperatures to warm enough for people to try to summit. This is called the 'summit window'. There is a similar period each fall in November.
• It can be very hot with temperatures over 100F in the Western Cwm, an area climbers go through to reach the summit.

History

• Like all mountains around the world, the local, indigenous people were the first to see it
• Everest is called Chomolungma in Tibet. It means mother goddess of the universe
• Everest is called Sagarmatha in Nepal. It means goddess of the sky
• It was first identified for the western world by a British survey team lead by Sir George Everest in 1841
• Everest was first named Peak 15 and measured at 29,002 feet in 1856
• In 1865, it was named Mount Everest, after Sir George Everest
• In 1955, the height was adjusted to 29,028 feet and is still used by Nepal
• China uses 29,015 feet as the official height today
• Using GPS technology, the summit was measured at 29,035 feet in 1999

Summits - updated August 2015

Early Attempts and Summits

• The first attempt was in 1921 by a British expedition from the north (Tibet) side
• The first summit was on May 29, 1953 by Sir Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa from Nepal. They climbed from the south side on a British expedition lead by Colonel John Hunt.
• The first north side summit was on May 25, 1960 by Nawang Gombu (Tibetan) and Chinese climbers Chu Yin-Hau and Wang Fu-zhou
• The youngest person to summit was American Jordan Romero, age 13, on May 23, 2010 from the north side.
• The oldest person to summit was Japanese Miura Yiuchiro, age 80 on May 23, 2013
• The first climbers to summit Everest without bottled oxygen were Italian Reinhold Messner with Peter Habler in 1978

Male Summits

• The youngest male to summit was American Jordan Romero, age 13, on May 23, 2010 from the north side.
• The oldest male to summit was Japanese Miura Yiuchiro, age 80 on May 23, 2013
• Apa Sherpa and Phurba Tashi both hold the record for most summits (male or female) with 21, the most recent one in 2013
• American Dave Hahn has the most non-Sherpa summits with 15, the most recent in 2013

Female Summits

• The first woman to summit Everest was Junko Tabei of Japan in 1975
• The oldest woman to summit was Japanese Tamae Watanabe, age 73, in 2012 from the north
• The youngest person and woman to summit from the south side was Nepali Nima Chemji Sherpa on May 19, 2012
• 418 women have summited through August 2015
• Nepali, Lakpa Sherpani holds the women's summit record with six (1 South, 5 north)

Summit Statistics

• There have been 7,001 summits of Everest through August 2015 on all routes by 4,093 different people.
• 953 people, mostly Sherpa, have summited multiple times totaling 3,861 times (included in the 7,001 total summits).
• The Nepal side is more popular with 4,421 summits compared to 2,580 summits from the Tibet side
• 193 climbers summited without supplemental oxygen through August 2015, about 2.7%
• 14 climbers have traversed from one side to the other.

Death Statistics

• 282 people (169 westerners and 113 Sherpas) have died on Everest from 1924 to August 2015.
• Of the deaths, 102 died attempting to summit without using supplemental oxygen.
• The Nepalese side has seen 4,421 summits with 176 deaths through August 2015 or 3,98%
• The Tibet side has seen 2,580 summits with 106 deaths through August 2015. or 4.1%
• Most bodies all are still on the mountain but China has removed many bodies from sight.
• The top cause of death was from a fall, avalanche, exposure and altitude sickness
• About 60% of all expeditions put at least one member on the summit.
• From 1923 to 1999: 170 people died on Everest with 1,169 summits or 14.5%. But the deaths drastically declined from 2000 to 2015 with 5,832 summits and 112 deaths or 1.9%.
• However, two years skewed the deaths rates with 16 in 2014 and 19 in 2015.
• The reduction in deaths is primarily due to better gear, weather forecasting and more people climbing with commercial operations.

Climbing

• There are 18 different climbing routes on Everest
• It takes 40 days to climb Mt. Everest in order for the body to adjust to the high altitude
• There is 66% less oxygen in each breath on the summit of Everest than at sea level
• Thin nylon ropes are used to keep climbers from falling.
• Climbers wear spikes on their boots called crampons
• They also use ice axes to help stop a fall
• Thick, puffy suits filled with goose feathers keep climbers warm
• Most climbers eat a lot of rice and noodles for food
• Almost all climbers use bottled oxygen because it is so high. It helps keep the climbers warm.
• Climbers start using bottled oxygen at 26,000 feet but it only makes a 3,000 foot difference in how they feel so at 27,000 feet, they feel like they are at 24,000 feet
• You have to be 16 or older to climb from the Nepal side and 18 on the Chinese side.
• The average expedition takes about 39 days.

Sherpas

• Sherpa is the name of a people. They mostly live in western Nepal. They migrated from Tibet over the last several hundred years
• Sherpa is also used as a last name
• Usually their first name is the day of the week they were born.
  • Nyima - Sunday
  • Dawa - Monday
  • Mingma - Tuesday
  • Lhakpa - Wednesday
  • Phurba - Thursday
  • Pasang - Friday
  • Pemba - Saturday
• Sherpas help climbers by carrying tents and cooking food to the High Camps
• Sherpas climb Everest as a job to support their families
• Sherpas can get sick from the altitude like anyone

Trivia

• Babu Chiri Sherpa spent the night on the summit in 1999
• Apa Sherpa and Phurba Tashi both hold the record for most summits with 21, the most recent one in 2013
• Over 33,000 feet of fixed rope is used each year to set the South Col route
• You have to be at least 16 to climb Everest from the south side and 18 from the north
• Climbers burn over 10,000 calories each day, double that on the summit climb
• Climbers will lose 10 to 20 lbs during the expedition

Snow is a form of ice. Snow forms when water in the atmosphere becomes frozen. Snow comes in all different shapes and sizes.

At the freezing point of water (0° Celsius, 32° Fahrenheit), snow melts and becomes liquid water. Sometimes, the snow will melt very fast and become water vapor. This is called sublimation. The opposite, where water vapor becomes snow, is called deposition.

Snow is used for some winter sportactivities like skiing and sledding. People also commonly build things out of snow for fun.

Snow can also be dangerous, as it can lower visibility and make driving very difficult. When it snows, the snow will melt a little during the daytime and freeze again at night. This makes icewhich can make driving conditions very treacherous. Snow plows are used to remove snow from roads to make driving easier and safer. Also, sand or salt may be added to the road to help tires grip the road. When salt is mixed with snow, the snow will melt more easily. This is because salt water has a lower melting point than fresh water (water without salt).

  

Noura al-khalifah

Axel Erlandson!

Erlandson was born in 1884, in Halland, Sweden, to Alfred Erlandson (1850–1915) and Kristina Larsson (1844–1922). He had two older brothers, Ludwig (1879–1957) and Anthon (1881–1970), and one younger sister, Emma Swanson (1885–1969). The family emigrated to the United States in early 1886, settling in New Folden Township, Marshall County, Minnesota, where his father farmed and built barns, homes, and churches. His family also ran a limestone kiln, producing quicklime formortar, plaster, and whitewash. Limestone rocks were collected from the surrounding fields and the men and boys kept the kiln fires going 24 hours a day during the processing time.

He married his wife, Leona, in 1914 and they had one daughter, Wilma. He farmed outside of Hilmar, near his parents, raisingbeans and other crops. There, inspired by having observed a natural inosculation in his own hedgerow, he began in 1925 to shape trees as a hobby to amuse himself and his family.Very few people other than his sister and a few close family friends knew of his early work shaping and grafting trees. He created designs on paper first and then set out plants in the specified patterns; pruning, grafting and bending them according to his plans. Erlandson taught himself over a period of decades how to train the growth of trees into shapes of his own design and he considered his methods trade secrets. When children asked how he got his trees to grow like this, he would reply, "I talk to them. 

Pics for the trees he was taking with: 

Fadiah mohammed

What is an endangered species?

Endangered species are those considered to be at risk of extinction, meaning that there are so few left of their kind that they could disappear from the planet altogether. Endangered species are threatened by factors such as habitat loss, hunting, disease and climate change, and usually, endangered species, have a declining population or a very limited range.

The current rate of extinction is thought to be far greater than the expected natural rate, with many species going extinct before they have even been discovered. Shockingly, current estimates suggest that a third of the world’s amphibians, a quarter of all mammals and one in eight birds are endangered.

Endangered species usually have a small or declining population size or a very limited range, meaning factors such as habitat loss, hunting, disease or climate change could cause them to disappear completely within our lifetimes.

The alarming rate at which species are disappearing  is something which should be a cause for concern for us all. Not only do they add beauty and wonder to the natural world, they are also of great global economic importance. A great diversity of species maintains the ecosystems essential to our existence by helping to regulate our climate and by providing:

• clean air and water

• food

• medicines

• building and clothing materials

• fertile soils

How can you help?

As  well as supporting conservation organisations there are some simple steps that everybody can take to help protect the natural world and the species in it. Here are some ideas:

• Recycle – Help protect the rainforests - recycling one tonne of paper can save 17 trees and preserve the habitat of a whole host of endangered species.

• Use less energy – An old tip but a good one, you can save yourself money and help the environment too. For example, energy saving light bulbs use 80 percent less energy than a standard bulb, yet produce the same amount of light.

• Choose sustainable products – Make sure that all the products you buy are sustainably sourced, from food and paper to timber.

• Make your voice heard – Petition for change! Many campaigns to help wildlife are underway but they need your support. 

Sara Alotaibi

 

 

 

Arabic Tigers

 

 

For Arabic Tigers animals inhabiting the mountains high, contrary to what the public think they are animals of the desert dweller and fled the areas endemic States, are mainly located in the Jabal Samhan in the Dhofar region of Oman, Baha, Asir mountain chains running in Saudi Arabia, Arabian Leopard features day and night activity, but remains wary of human presence, These animals do not meet other isolationist Tigers only in mating period which lasts for approximately 5 days, during which altzwag several times. After a pregnancy lasting between 98 to 100 days, giving birth to female puppy four result in one of the caves or rock crevices. The Cubs are blind at birth,

 And open their eyes after nine to ten days, during these first weeks the mother move the Cubs from den to another several times to reduce the chances of finding other predators. Up the reconstruction of tigers in the wild is between 10 to 15 years, whereas reconstruction in zoos until 52 years.

The Tigers are Arabic light dramatically as yellowish gold color which normally exists between patches over most of body remaining breeds do not exist when this strain but along, and then fades to a pale yellow or white on the rest of the body. Featuring color blue eyes unlike the African counterparts.

The female weighs 20 kilograms (45 pounds), while the male weighs approximately 30 kg (65 lbs). In comparison, South African Tiger can weight ranges between 50 to 70 kilograms, so the Tigers could be considered as Arabic is smaller than the rest of the African and Asian Tiger breeds. Similar to the male with the female, But the males are larger than females, and are distinguished by the presence of the scrotum in males, and is clearly characterized by long tails Arabic Tigers, which used in balance while climbing

MEADALTHEYAB

Endangered Animals

One of the rarest animals in the Sahara Desert is the Addax, also known as the white antelope or screwhorn antelope. It’s a rather unique creature whose coat actually changes color depending on the season. Due to its slow speed, however, it is a welcome meal for predators and an easy target for hunters

The mountain gorilla is primarily found in various regions all across Africa namely Uganda, Rwanda, and Virunga. They have thicker and longer fur, which makes them easily adaptable to cold environments. Aside from poaching, their population of 880 has decreased due to traps, kidnapping, loss of habitat, interaction with tourists, being killed for meat, and even lack of food.

Although the rhinoceros is considered to be one of the biggest mammals on
 the planet, this specific breed is actually the smallest of its kind. Their exact population is unknown but researchers are projecting that there may be 275 of them left in the wild.

The Arakan forest turtle is so rare that it can only be found in the Arakan hills of western Myanmar. Many believed that it went extinct in 1908 until it was rediscovered in 1994 although it has been determined that there are less than a hundred left in the wild.

The Siamese crocodile is native to parts of Southeast Asia and presently there are less than 70 left in the wild. Their survival has been compromised by people taking lands for farming, which affected the crocodiles due to the increase of cattle, use of pesticides, and chemical fertilizers that corrupted the clean water.

The brown spider monkey received its name due to its long limbs, which help it to swing and climb on trees. Its tail is also flexible enough that it is considered more of a limb due to its precision and usability when being used to hang on branches. The population of 60 has been the result of relentless hunting and wild animal trades, which usually occur in northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela

Feda albuti